Katie L Adastra; Maggie M Chi; Joan K Riley; Kelle H Moley

Figure 2

Autophagic and apoptoic responses to varying levels of excess glucose. LC3 expression in embryos. Negative control (A), physiologic 5 mM (B), 20 mM (C), 35 mM (D), and 52 mM (E) glucose. Cell death detection assay for apoptosis. Positive control of DNase-treated embryos (F), physiologic 5 mM (G), 20 mM (H), 35 mM (I), 52 mM (J) glucose. Each group consisted of at least 30 embryos and the experiment was repeated three times.

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This Article

Published online before print March 2, 2011, doi: 10.1530/REP-10-0265 Reproduction May 1, 2011 vol. 141 no. 5 607-615

[1] ↵

Akazawa H,

Komazaki S,

Shimomura H,

Terasaki F,

Zou Y,

Takano H,

Nagai T &

Komuro I

2004 Diphtheria toxin-induced autophagic cardiomyocyte death plays a pathogenic role in mouse model of heart failure. Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 41095–41103doi:10.1074/jbc.M313084200.

[2] Akazawa H,

[3] Komazaki S,

[4] Shimomura H,

[5] Terasaki F,

[6] Zou Y,

[7] Takano H,

[8] Nagai T &

[9] Komuro I

[10] ↵

Aki T,

Yamaguchi K,

Fujimiya T &

Mizukami Y

2003 Phosphoinositide 3-kinase accelerates autophagic cell death during glucose deprivation in the rat cardiomyocyte-derived cell line H9c2. Oncogene 22 8529–8535doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207197.

[11] Aki T,

[12] Yamaguchi K,

[13] Fujimiya T &

[14] Mizukami Y

[15] ↵

Amherdt M,

Harris V,

Renold AE,

Orci L &

Unger RH

1974 Hepatic autography in uncontrolled experimental diabetes and its relationships to insulin and glucagon. Journal of Clinical Investigation 54 188–193doi:10.1172/JCI107742.

[16] Amherdt M,

[17] Harris V,

[18] Renold AE,

[19] Orci L &

[20] Unger RH

[21] ↵

Boya P,

Gonzlez-Polo RA,

Casares N,

Perfettini JL,

Dessen P,

Larochette N,

Mtivier D,

Meley D,

Souquere S,

Yoshimori T

et al.

2005 Inhibition of macroautophagy triggers apoptosis. Molecular and Cellular Biology 25 1025–1040doi:10.1128/MCB.25.3.1025-1040.2005.

[22] Boya P,

[23] Gonzlez-Polo RA,

[24] Casares N,

[25] Perfettini JL,

[26] Dessen P,

[27] Larochette N,

[28] Mtivier D,

[29] Meley D,

[30] Souquere S,

[31] Yoshimori T

[32] et al.

[33] ↵

Brown JJ &

Whittingham DG

1991 The roles of pyruvate, lactate and glucose during preimplantation development of embryos from F1 hybrid mice in vitro. Development 112 99–105.

[34] Brown JJ &

[35] Whittingham DG

[36] ↵

Cecconi F,

Piacentini M &

Fimia GM

2008 The involvement of cell death and survival in neural tube defects: a distinct role for apoptosis and autophagy? Cell Death and Differentiation 15 1170–1177doi:10.1038/cdd.2008.64.

[37] Cecconi F,

[38] Piacentini M &

[39] Fimia GM

[40] ↵

Chang AS,

Dale AN &

Moley KH

2005 Maternal diabetes adversely affects preovulatory oocyte maturation, development, and granulosa cell apoptosis. Endocrinology 146 2445–2453doi:10.1210/en.2004-1472.

[41] Chang AS,

[42] Dale AN &

[43] Moley KH

[44] ↵

Chi MM,

Hoehn A &

Moley KH

2002 Metabolic changes in the glucose-induced apoptotic blastocyst suggest alterations in mitochondrial physiology. American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism 283 E226–E232doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00046.2002.

[45] Chi MM,

[46] Hoehn A &

[47] Moley KH

[48] ↵

Colell A,

Ricci JE,

Tait S,

Milasta S,

Maurer U,

Bouchier-Hayes L,

Fitzgerald P,

Guio-Carrion A,

Waterhouse NJ,

Li CW

et al.

2007 GAPDH and autophagy preserve survival after apoptotic cytochrome c release in the absence of caspase activation. Cell 129 983–997doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.045.

[49] Colell A,

[50] Ricci JE,

[51] Tait S,

[52] Milasta S,

[53] Maurer U,

[54] Bouchier-Hayes L,

[55] Fitzgerald P,

[56] Guio-Carrion A,

[57] Waterhouse NJ,

[58] Li CW

[59] et al.

[60] ↵

Cooper ASR,

Boehle K,

Riley J &

Moley K

2008 Autophagy is a physiologic process regulated by glucose availability in the murine preimplantation blastocyst. Reproductive Sciences 15 73A.

[61] Cooper ASR,

[62] Boehle K,

[63] Riley J &

[64] Moley K

[65] ↵

Fimia GM,

Stoykova A,

Romagnoli A,

Giunta L,

Di Bartolomeo S,

Nardacci R,

Corazzari M,

Fuoco C,

Ucar A,

Schwartz P

et al.

2007 Ambra1 regulates autophagy and development of the nervous system. Nature 447 1121–1125doi:10.1038/nature05925.

[66] Fimia GM,

[67] Stoykova A,

[68] Romagnoli A,

[69] Giunta L,

[70] Di Bartolomeo S,

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[73] Fuoco C,

[74] Ucar A,

[75] Schwartz P

[76] et al.

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Fujitani Y,

Kawamori R &

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[78] Fujitani Y,

[79] Kawamori R &

[80] Watada H

[81] ↵

Grune T,

Merker K,

Sandig G &

Davies KJ

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[82] Grune T,

[83] Merker K,

[84] Sandig G &

[85] Davies KJ

[86] ↵

Gualtieri R,

Iaccarino M,

Mollo V,

Prisco M,

Iaccarino S &

Talevi R

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[87] Gualtieri R,

[88] Iaccarino M,

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[91] Iaccarino S &

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[93] ↵

Jungheim ES,

Schoeller EL,

Marquard KL,

Louden ED,

Schaffer JE &

Moley KH

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[94] Jungheim ES,

[95] Schoeller EL,

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[97] Louden ED,

[98] Schaffer JE &

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[105] Lea RG,

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Bugliani M,

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[131] Yoshimori T &

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Moley KH,

Chi MM,

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Korsmeyer SJ &

Mueckler MM

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[135] Chi MM,

[136] Knudson CM,

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[138] Mueckler MM

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Moley KH,

Chi MM &

Mueckler MM

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[141] Chi MM &

[142] Mueckler MM

[143] ↵

Pampfer S

2000 Apoptosis in rodent peri-implantation embryos: differential susceptibility of inner cell mass and trophectoderm cell lineages – a review. Placenta 21 (Suppl A) S3–S10doi:10.1053/plac.1999.0519.

[144] Pampfer S

[145] ↵

Pampfer S,

Vanderheyden I,

McCracken JE,

Vesela J &

De Hertogh R

1997 Increased cell death in rat blastocysts exposed to maternal diabetes in utero and to high glucose or tumor necrosis factor-alpha in vitro. Development 124 4827–4836.

[146] Pampfer S,

[147] Vanderheyden I,

[148] McCracken JE,

[149] Vesela J &

[150] De Hertogh R

[151] ↵

Passonneau JV &

Lowry OH

1993 Enzymatic Analysis, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.

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[153] Lowry OH

[154] ↵

Qu X,

Zou Z,

Sun Q,

Luby-Phelps K,

Cheng P,

Hogan RN,

Gilpin C &

Levine B

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[155] Qu X,

[156] Zou Z,

[157] Sun Q,

[158] Luby-Phelps K,

[159] Cheng P,

[160] Hogan RN,

[161] Gilpin C &

[162] Levine B

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Ratchford AM,

Chang AS,

Chi MM,

Sheridan R &

Moley KH

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[164] Ratchford AM,

[165] Chang AS,

[166] Chi MM,

[167] Sheridan R &

[168] Moley KH

[169] ↵

Rodriguez-Enriquez S,

He L &

Lemasters JJ

2004 Role of mitochondrial permeability transition pores in mitochondrial autophagy. International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology 36 2463–2472doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2004.04.009.

[170] Rodriguez-Enriquez S,

[171] He L &

[172] Lemasters JJ

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Sakaida I,

Kyle ME &

Farber JL

1990 Autophagic degradation of protein generates a pool of ferric iron required for the killing of cultured hepatocytes by an oxidative stress. Molecular Pharmacology 37 435–442.

[174] Sakaida I,

[175] Kyle ME &

[176] Farber JL

[177] ↵

Scott RC,

Schuldiner O &

Neufeld TP

2004 Role and regulation of starvation-induced autophagy in the Drosophila fat body. Developmental Cell 7 167–178doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2004.07.009.

[178] Scott RC,

[179] Schuldiner O &

[180] Neufeld TP

[181] ↵

Singh R,

Xiang Y,

Wang Y,

Baikati K,

Cuervo AM,

Luu YK,

Tang Y,

Pessin JE,

Schwartz GJ &

Czaja MJ

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[182] Singh R,

[183] Xiang Y,

[184] Wang Y,

[185] Baikati K,

[186] Cuervo AM,

[187] Luu YK,

[188] Tang Y,

[189] Pessin JE,

[190] Schwartz GJ &

[191] Czaja MJ

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Sooparb S,

Price SR,

Shaoguang J &

Franch HA

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[193] Sooparb S,

[194] Price SR,

[195] Shaoguang J &

[196] Franch HA

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Thorburn A

2008 Apoptosis and autophagy: regulatory connections between two supposedly different processes. Apoptosis 13 1–9doi:10.1007/s10495-007-0154-9.

[198] Thorburn A

[199] ↵

Towns R,

Kabeya Y,

Yoshimori T,

Guo C,

Shangguan Y,

Hong S,

Kaplan M,

Klionsky DJ &

Wiley JW

2005 Sera from patients with type 2 diabetes and neuropathy induce autophagy and colocalization with mitochondria in SY5Y cells. Autophagy 1 163–170doi:10.4161/auto.1.3.2068.

[200] Towns R,

[201] Kabeya Y,

[202] Yoshimori T,

[203] Guo C,

[204] Shangguan Y,

[205] Hong S,

[206] Kaplan M,

[207] Klionsky DJ &

[208] Wiley JW

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Kuma A &

Mizushima N

2008a The role of autophagy during the oocyte-to-embryo transition. Autophagy 4 1076–1078.

[210] Tsukamoto S,

[211] Kuma A &

[212] Mizushima N

[213] ↵

Tsukamoto S,

Kuma A,

Murakami M,

Kishi C,

Yamamoto A &

Mizushima N

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[214] Tsukamoto S,

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