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Analysis of maternal effects on development in mammals

The traditional definition of a maternal effect, which I shall adopt, involves any influence of a mother on her offspring exerted otherwise than by direct transmission of nuclear genes. The influence may be exerted through the cytoplasm of the egg, in which case it would be determined before ovulation, or through the reproductive tract, reflecting aspects of the maternal physiology during gestation, or after birth, through lactation or some other aspect of child rearing. Whether it is cytoplasmic, or exerted through the reproductive tract, or after birth, the source of the maternal effect may lie in the mother's genetic constitution or may involve some environmental factor, which could of course include the environment to which the mother herself was exposed.

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