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Reproductive traits in captive and free-ranging males of the critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)

¹ Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
² Fundación Bioandina Argentina, C1425FCF Buenos Aires, Argentina
³ Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), 02071 Albacete, Spain
⁴ Centro de Cría en Cautividad del Lince Ibérico ‘El Acebuche’, Parque Nacional de Doñana, Matalascañas, 21760 Huelva, Spain
⁵ Zoobotánico Jerez, 11404 Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
⁶ Centro de Cría en Cautividad del Lince Ibérico ‘La Aliseda’, 23213 Santa Elena, Spain
⁷ Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
⁸ Royal Veterinary College, NW1 0TU London, UK

Correspondence should be addressed to E R S Roldan at Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC); Email: roldane{at}mncn.csic.es

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid in the world. Adequate genetic management of in situ and ex situ populations, and linkage between both, require knowledge on male reproductive biology and factors influencing it. We examined the influence of age, free-ranging versus captive conditions and seasonality on phenotypic, endocrine and semen traits, and links between reproductive traits and male fertility. Males had relatively small testes, produced low sperm numbers, a low proportion of normal sperm, and a high proportion of motile sperm. Young (2-year-old) males had lower testosterone levels, fewer sperm, and a lower proportion of motile and normal sperm than 4-year-old males. No major differences were found in semen traits before and after the mating season or between free-ranging and captive males, although the latter had better sperm motility. Males with larger relative testes weight and more sperm copulated more frequently, whereas males that produced more sperm with higher motility produced more cubs per female. In conclusion, small relative testes size and low sperm quality could indicate either low levels of sperm competition or high levels of inbreeding. Young males are probably subfertile; there is a slight trend for males in the captive breeding programme to have better semen quality than wild males, and males with higher sperm production are sexually more active and more fertile. These findings have major implications for decisions regarding which males should breed, provide samples for the genetic resource bank, or participate in programmes involving the use of assisted reproductive techniques.